Es. The value of host age, specifically in atherosclerosis, suggests that vascular wall aging is actually a crucial CD73 Proteins medchemexpress element of disease. Equally crucial has to be determinants imposed by the tissue atmosphere, as all vasculitides and atherosclerosis share the stringency in tissue tropism, meaning that they practically exclusively occur in an anatomically defined part of the vascular tree. Immune cell aging fundamentally adjustments the functionality of innate and adaptive immune cells. How the tissue aging approach impacts the propensity to attract and retain GP-Ib alpha/CD42b Proteins Purity & Documentation inflammatory cells within the vessel wall is unexplored. Exploiting the phagocytic potential of macrophages to load them with certain cargo will deliver new avenues for immunomodulatory therapy in restricted tissue websites.Autoimmunity. Author manuscript; readily available in PMC 2015 October 15.Shirai et al.PageAcknowledgmentsThis function was supported by the National Institutes of Wellness (R01 AR042547, RO1 HL117913, R01 AI044142, RO1 AI108906 and P01 HL058000 to CMW and R01 AI108891 and R01 AG045779 to JJG). Study research informing this function received important assistance in the Govenar Discovery Fund.Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript
Clin Exp Immunol 2001; 123:421Polarized secretion of CXC chemokines by human intestinal epithelial cells in response to Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxin: NF-k B plays a significant part in the regulation of IL-8 expressionJ. M. KI M, Y. K . OH , Y . J. KI M H. B. OH Y. J . CH O Department of Microbiology Institute of Biomedical Science, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Division of Microbiology, Pochon CHA University College of Medicine, Kyunggi-do, epartment of Science, Joongbu University, Choongnam and aboratory of Bacterial Toxins, Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Overall health, Seoul, Korea (Accepted for publication two November 2000)SUMMARY Enterotoxigenic B. fragilis, which produces a ,20 kD heat-labile toxin (BFT), has been related with diarrhoeal illnesses and mucosal inflammation. To identify if epithelial cells can contribute to BFTinduced inflammation, we assessed the expression of CXC chemokines by BFT-stimulated human intestinal epithelial cells. BFT stimulation enhanced expression on the neutrophil chemoattractant and activators ENA-78, GRO-a , and IL-8. Up-regulated chemokine mRNA expression was paralleled by improved protein levels. Activation of the IL-8 and NF-k B transcriptional reporters was inhibited in cells cotransfected with the Ik B kinase b and IkBa superrepressor plasmids. Whereas lactate dehydrogenase, which was used to monitor cell lysis, was released predominantly in the apical surface, CXC chemokines had been predominantly secreted in the basolateral surface of BFT-treated epithelial cells. The basolateral secretion of CXC chemokines from BFT-stimulated colon epithelial cells suggests that these chemokines can contribute towards the inflammatory cell infiltrate within the underlying intestinal mucosa. Key phrases Bacteroides fragilis CXC chemokines epithelial cells NF-k BINTRODUCTION Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF), which produces a ,20-kD heat-labile metalloprotease toxin (B. fragilis enterotoxin, or BFT), has been related with noninvasive diarrhoeal illness in animals and young young children [1,2]. Furthermore, B. fragilis isolated from the bloodstream along with other extraintestinal internet sites (e.g. intra-abdominal abscesses) may possibly also create BFT [3,4], but correlations of BFT with severity or.