Ts about 1000 e/kWh [66] in 2019. For the projection, the cost reduction
Ts around 1000 e/kWh [66] in 2019. For the projection, the cost reduction from [67] is applied, which benefits in the price 550 e/kWh in 2030. Table A2 gives a lot more detail. four.4.three. Fuel Import and Emission Price In 2030, diesel price devoid of emission expenses is assumed to be ten.89 ct/kWh [68,69]. Diesel particular emission aspect is 266 g/kWh [70]. Value of ML-SA1 custom synthesis renewable hydrogen made in Germany is 20 ct/kWh [71]. Table A3 shows hydrogen cost elements. Its emission factor is neglected. Future emission prices are uncertain. [15] estimate Tenidap Inhibitor German emission value in 2030 inside the array of 806 e/ton; whereas, [42] expects a value of 140 e/ton. Within this perform, emissions are priced at one hundred e/ton.Energies 2021, 14,9 of4.4.four. Hydrogen Production Based on [71], renewable hydrogen production in 2030 has an typical efficiency of 71 , as well as a price tag of 20 cte/kWh. Associated charges are electrical energy charges, investment and operation charges of gear, and transport and distribution costs. To create hydrogen from personal electrical energy, end-users spend the related expenses minus the electricity charges for the neighborhood hydrogen producer. These fees amount to 7.5 cte/kWh, and represent levelized costs of production, storage and distribution solutions. Grid charges of 1.0 cte/kWh also apply for electrical energy fed-in for the hydrogen production. Within this perform, the rented capacities are predetermined according to historical transport demand. The sizing criteria may be the 90th percentile of day-to-day travel is 4074 km, which corresponds to eight.5 MWh-H2 demand according to the efficiency of fuel cell electric trucks in [58]. At minimum, a 355 kW-H2 electrolyser operating non-stop is required to provide this demand. It really is assumed that the plant rents three 355 kW production and 2 8.5 MWh storage capacities. For the transport fleet, Table A4 supplies parameters on distinct trucks as outlined by [58]. five. Outcomes Benefits are presented in 3 components: an overview in Section five.1, flexibility utilization in Section 5.2, and hydrogen production in Section five.3. In Section 5.four, results of supplementary situation sets are analysed. The sensitivity analysis is presented in Section five.five. five.1. Overview on Fees, Emissions and Energy Technologies Charges by component for every single principle scenario are shown in Figure 6. Table 1 presents PV capacities, generation utilization, energy imports and total emissions.Figure 6. Fees by element of the principle scenarios. Table 1. Optimal PV capacities and generation utilization (self-consumption, export and curtail), energy imports and emissions from the principle situation set. Scenarios BAU TECH FLEX TRAN SYN Installed Capacity (MWp ) 2.58 two.89 2.87 three.63 Generation Utilization Consume Export Curtail 51.0 54.1 54.3 80.3 47.five 43.4 43.three 14.0 1.five two.five two.four five.7 Import (GWh) Elec. Fuel three.64 1.99 1.67 1.68 1.64 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.39 0.22 Emissions (ktons) 1.43 1.04 0.90 0.48 0.In summary, BAU has the highest costs and emissions. All measures lower energy imports and emissions. PV and versatile production cut down charges. The switch to hydrogen fuel cell trucks (FCEV) enhance costs unless hydrogen is often created from own electrical energy.Energies 2021, 14,ten ofSYN has the lowest costs and emissions, 14.0 and 69.six decrease than BAU, respectively. Battery is not invested. In the following, benefits by situation are described. In BAU, the plant imports all of its power demand, 3.64 GWh electrical energy and 1.58 GWh diesel p.a. This really is connected with procurement charges of 687 ke and emissions of 1.01 ktons for electrical energy; and 173.