Osynthesis of MNPs. Parameter surface to volume ratio mixing efficacy Conventional Batch Strategies about 100 m2 /m3 [51,102] mechanical stirring requires minutes to reach homogeneity [63] heating plate, heterogeneous, normally require higher temperature [25] traditional numerous hours to days Microfluidic Systems 10,0000,000 m2 /m3 [51,102] homogenous, tunable, effective, 60 ms [70,10306] microchannels enable homogenous and fast heat and cool transfer, smaller heat quantity [67,70,86,103,105] conventional controllable and tuneable from seconds to minutes [25] Magnetosome Biosynthesis –heat transfer-energy resource residence timeATP-based [52] cultivation inside 36 and 60 h [96]Bioengineering 2021, 8,8 ofTable 1. Cont. Parameter separation among nucleation and development stages reaction time handle of reactions Piperonylic acid manufacturer parameters reagent volume Standard Batch Solutions poor as a result of inhomogeneous mixing and heat transfer [25,51] minutes–hours [43] poor, except for thermal decomposition [50] millilitre to litre [44] Microfluidic Systems nucleation inside the microreactor and growth in dwell zone [25,67,10709] seconds [25,86,105,111] higher because of effective heat and mass transfer [67,103,105] micro to nanolitre [44] Magnetosome Biosynthesis nucleation in vesicle and also the iron ions are transferred in the surrounding environment, protein-associated [53,54,110] Quite a few days to weeks [25,93,112] appropriate atmosphere expected for bacteria development [52,98] litre Piceatannol Epigenetics magnetic separation, ultrasonication and removal of proteins, nucleic acids and lipopolysaccharides are mandatory to reduce immunotoxicity [98,114]. Coating (for instance by poly-l-lysine) to get steady nonpyrogenic MNP suspension [115] higher inside 1 bacteria strain but strain variation achievable [524,95]purificationmandatory if solvents are made use of for phase-transfer and biocompatible coating [25]on-line integration probable, e.g., Tangential Flow Filtration (TFF) [113]product homogeneityquality reduction by concentration gradients and hot spots within the reaction flask [25,51] considerable batch to batch variations in size, morphology, and magnetic properties [25,111,11719], poor scaling up capability. A reported study from Lin et al. showed a production rate of 4.73 g/h for microfluidic synthesis comparing to 1.4 g/h for standard synthesis with all the identical circumstances [89]enhanced good quality because of homogeneous morphology, narrow size distribution [25,67,116]reproducibility, production rate and scale-up capabilitycontinuous production, no batch-to-batch variation, higher scale-up capabilityhigh in the defined environmental circumstances [92], mg/(L day) production rate [52], higher scale-up capability, although difficult as a result of long-term bacteriostatic growth conditions [38,40,46,78]cloggingnot applicablemicrochannel-wall blocking through nucleation or by agglomeration [77,104,12022] feasible/integratable [66,123,124] parameter manage and synthesis adjustment feasible in the course of synthesis, handle of magnetic parameters by magnetic particle spectroscopy [25,125] and NMR [126] high-priced microreactor fabrication aqueous synthesis at moderate temperatures feasible, raw supplies and power consumption is usually saved [70,86,127] attainable, capable for sterile production, no FDA authorized procedure however [25]not applicableautomationpoor-capability of on-line characterizationnot applicable for batch, even though magnetic characterization of whole batches by magnetic particle spectroscopy is feasible-costlow, typical lab gear high, some reaction.