D David (HOM strain) (Tables ).Based on the MedChemExpress ALS-8112 virulence levels observed
D David (HOM strain) (Tables ).Based on the virulence levels observed in Round and Round , we chose H.indica (HOM), S.carpocapsae (Sal), S.feltiae (SN), S.kraussei and S.riobrave for further study in Round .In Round , at d posttreatment, S.feltiae (SN) was the only treatment that triggered a reduction in C.nenuphar survival relative for the handle at C, and S.feltiae (SN) and S.riobrave had been the only treatment options that brought on decrease C.nenuphar survival than the control at C (no differences have been detected at C) (Table ; Fig).At d posttreatment (in Round) S.feltiae (SN) was the only therapy that lowered C.nenuphar survival compared with all the control at C and C (Table ; Fig).At C all therapies triggered reduce C.nenuphar survival than the handle and no variations were detected among the nematode strains and species (Table ; PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21317800 Fig).Assessment of nematode virulence inside the WV (clay loam) soil Differences in virulence have been detected within the WV soil at all three temperatures (Tables ; Figs.).In Journal of Nematology, Volume , Nos September ecember a single case C.nenuphar survival (at d posttreatment) was greater at C than at C, i.e in the S.riobrave (TP) remedy Round WV soil.DISCUSSION Substantial differences in virulence to C.nenuphar larvae have been observed amongst nematode species.Comparable to our study, diverse virulence responses have already been observed among nematode species and strains in laboratory screening research targeting other weevil species like the sweetpotato weevil, Cylas formicarius (F), (Mannion and Jansson,), Diaprepes root weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus (L), (Shapiro and McCoy,), and also the guava weevil, Conotrachelus psidii Marshall, (Dolinski et al).Our final results indicated that S.feltiae (SN), S.riobrave and S.rarum (C E) possess particularly higher levels of virulence since these nematodes distinguished themselves relative to other nematodes inside a quantity of comparisons like Round (the “best candidate” assay).These findings are in corroboration with those of ShapiroIlan et al. in that S.feltiae (SN), S.riobrave also exhibited superior laboratory virulence to C nenuphar larvae within the prior study (S.rarum was not tested within the earlier study).Even so, in contrast to the benefits of ShapiroIlan et al numerous species exhibited pathogenicity within the present but not the former, i.e H.bacteriophora, H.megidis, and S.carpocapsae; the discrepancy is likely on account of the exposure period within the former study getting restricted to d (the species were also not pathogenic at d posttreatment within the present study).The present study expands substantially on prior laboratory screenings for C.nenuphar virulence.Our study integrated four previously untested nematode species (H.indica, H.georgiana, S.kraussei, and S.rarum) at the same time as a number of previously untested strains, e.g H.bacteriophora (Oswego and Vs strains), S.riobrave ( and TP strains), and S.carpocapsae (Sal strain).In addition to S.rarum (C E), a variety of the other previously untested nematodes exhibited promising levels of virulence and may perhaps warrant additional study such as H.indica (HOM strain), H.bacteriophora (Oswego strain), S.kraussei, and S.carpocapsae (Sal strain).Temperature affected nematode virulence to C.nenuphar larvae.Within the assays that contained independent primary effects (and permitted for statistical analysis of temperature across therapies), C.nenuphar survival decreased as temperature improved.In addition, when temperature effects were analyzed by therapy C.nenuphar survival w.