Herbst), is really a main pest of pome and stone fruit in
Herbst), is really a important pest of pome and stone fruit in North America (SGC707 web Racette et al Horton and Johnson,).Adult weevils enter orchards from overwintering internet sites inside the spring to feed and oviposit in fruit.Attacked fruit aborts or is deformed rendering it nonsaleable.Larvae continue to create in fallen fruit, exit as fourth instars, and burrow into the soil ( cm) to pupate (Racette et al).After emergence, adults feed on fruit and migrate to litter surrounding the orchard to overwinter (Racette et al Olthof and Hagley,).Within the southern United states, an extra generation may well occur on several peach cultivars prior to overwintering (Horton and Johnson,).Existing manage recommendations for C.nenuphar consist solely of aboveground applications of chemical insecticides to suppress adults (Horton et al).As a result of environmental and regulatory issues, investigation on building option control techniques is warranted.Entomopathogenic nematodes are on the list of prospective handle alternatives (ShapiroIlan et al ,).Entomopathogenic nematodes in the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis are obligate parasites of insects (Poinar,).These nematodes possess a mutualistic connection having a bacterium (Xenorhabdus spp.and Photorhabdus spp.for steinernematids and heterorhabditids, respectively) (Poinar,).Infective juveniles (IJs), the only freeliving stage, enter hosts by way of natural openings (mouth, anus, and spiracles), or in some cases, by way of the cuticle.Soon after getting into the host’s hemocoel, nematodes release their symbiotic bacteria, which areReceived for publication September , .USDAARS, SE Fruit and Nut Tree Investigation Laboratory, Byron, GA USDAARS, Appalachian Fruit Analysis Station, Kearneysville, WV The authors thank Terri Brearley, Leigh Ann Colley, Wanda Evans and Torri Hancock for technical help, and also the USDANIFASCRI Grant # for funding a portion of this study.E-mail [email protected] This paper was edited by Kris PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21316380 Lambert.primarily responsible for killing the host, defending against secondary invaders, and supplying the nematodes with nutrition (Dowds and Peters,).The nematodes molt and full as much as 3 generations inside the host after which IJs exit the cadaver to search out new hosts (Kaya and Gaugler,).Entomopathogenic nematodes are successful at controlling a number of economically vital pests which includes the larvae of many weevil species (Coleoptera Curculionidae) (ShapiroIlan et al).Due to the nematode’s sensitivity to desiccation and ultraviolet (UV) radiation (Kaya,) belowground stages of C.nenuphar would be the preferred targets for nematode applications (ShapiroIlan et al ,).Application of specific entomopathogenic nematode species has shown efficacy in laboratory and field trials when targeting the larval stage of C.nenuphar in soil (Tedders et al ; Olthof and Hagley, ShapiroIlan et al , ,).Inside the laboratory, when six nematode species have been compared for virulence to C.nenuphar larvae, Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) and S.riobrave Cabanillas, Poinar and Raulston had been pathogenic whereas Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, H.marelata Liu and Berry, H.megidis Poinar, Jackson and Klein, and S.carpocapsae (Weiser) have been not (ShapiroIlan et al).In subsequent field trials conducted in a peach orchard in Byron, Georgia, S.riobrave exhibited higher levels of suppression (handle averaged in four trials), whereas S.feltiae was not productive (ShapiroIlan et al).In contrast, Alston et al. observed suppression of C.nenuphar larvae using.